Ferroelectricity in biological building blocks: slipping on a banana peel?

Ferroelectricity in biological system has been anticipated both theoretically and experimentally over the past few decades. Claims  of ferroelectricity in biological systems have given rise to confusion and methodological controversy. Over the years, a “loop” of  induced polarization in response to a varying applied electrical field and a consequent polarization reversal has prompted many  researchers to claim ferroelectricity in biological structures and their building blocks. Other observers were skeptical about the  methodology adopted in generating the data and questioned the validity of the claimed ferroelectricity as such, “loop” can also  be obtained from linear capacitors. In a paper with somewhat tongue-in-cheek title, Jim Scott showed that ordinary banana peels  could exhibit closed loops of electrical charge which closely resemble and thus could be misinterpreted as ferroelectric hysteresis  loops in barium sodium niobate, BNN paraphrasing it as “banana”. In this paper, we critically review ferroelectricity in biological  system and argue that knowing the molecular and crystalline structure of biological building blocks and experimenting on such  building blocks may be the way forward in revealing the “true” nature of ferroelectricity in biological systems