The formation of three‑grain junctions during solidification. Part I: observations

The thermodynamic equilibrium dihedral angle at grain junctions in crystalline rocks is set by the grain boundary interfacial  surface energies, but the long times required to attain equilibrium mean that the observed dihedral angles in igneous rocks are  generally set by the kinetics of crystallisation. We distinguish three types of augite–plagioclase–plagioclase dihedral angle  in mafc igneous rocks. In the frst, augite grows in the pores of a pre-existing plagioclase framework accompanied by little  to no inwards-growth of the plagioclase pore walls. In the second, the plagioclase pore walls grow inwards simultaneously  with the augite, and the dihedral angle is generally larger than the original angle at which the two plagioclase grains impinged  except when the impingement angle itself is large. The frst type is seen in rapidly crystallised rocks, whereas the second is  observed in slowly cooled rocks. The third type is highly asymmetric and resembles (and so we call) an eagle’s beak: it is only  seen in slowly cooled rocks. It is common in gabbroic cumulates, and is also present in strongly orthocumulate troctolites.  Using the mode of interstitial phases to calculate the amount of interstitial liquid present in a series of mafic cumulates from  the Rum and Skaergaard layered intrusions, we show that the asymmetry of three-grain junctions in troctolites increases as  the rocks progress from adcumulate to orthocumulate (i.e. as the olivine–plagioclase crystal mush becomes more liquid rich), with eagles’ beaks becoming the dominant three-grain junction geometry for troctolitic mushes containing ~ 12 vol.%  interstitial material (corresponding to ~ 30 vol.% liquid in the mush). The geometry of three-grain junctions in mafc rocks  is thus a function not only of cooling rate, but also of the progression along the liquid line of descent during fractionation.  The frst two types of junction are formed in relatively primitive liquids, during which the crystal mushes on the margins  of the solidifying magma body are formed predominantly of plagioclase and olivine, whereas the eagle’s beak geometry  occurs once augite forms an important component of the crystal framework in the accumulating mush, either because it is a  framework-forming primocryst phase or because it grows from highly abundant interstitial liquid.