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Date
2026-04-01
Abstract
This paper examines two-dimensional liquid curtains ejected from a narrow horizontal outlet at an angle to the vertical. Curtains are characterised by the Froude number Fr = U/(gH)1/2, Reynolds number Re =UH/ν and Weber number We=ρU2H/σ , where U is the ejection velocity, g the gravity, H the outlet’s half-width, ν the kinematic viscosity and σ the surface tension. It is assumed that Fr>>1 (so that the radius of the curtain’s curvature due to gravity exceeds H), Re<<1 (viscosity is strong) and We∼1 (surface tension is on par with inertia). It is shown that steady oblique curtains exist only subject to a constraint of the form We> f (Fr2Re), which is more restrictive than the previously known constraint We>1. Thus, sufficiently strong viscosity and/or surface tension eliminate the steady regime and make the curtain evolve – typically, rotate around the outlet, eventually producing the teapot effect.
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Cambridge University Press
Citation
Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1032, A30
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Sustainable Development Goals
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Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International