Intermediary practice as a special measure to support vulnerable witnesses in the criminal justice system: an integrative review

Lambert, Mairéad; Beardsley, Claire; Kearns, Áine

Publication

Intermediary practice as a special measure to support vulnerable witnesses in the criminal justice system: an integrative review

Lambert, Mairéad; Beardsley, Claire; Kearns, Áine

Date

2026-01-05

Abstract

Vulnerable individuals, such as children and adults with speech, language and communication needs, face barriers when navigating the justice system. An intermediary is a communication specialist who facilitates participation of vulnerable individuals in the justice system. This integrative review seeks to synthesise the literature on intermediary practice, methods, and processes. A systematic search of five databases was completed, and additional reports were collated using manual searches. Data was coded and categories were developed to reflect intermediary practice across referral, assessment, and intervention processes, as well as factors which influence intermediary practice. This review highlights consistencies and variances across jurisdictions and will inform emerging intermediary practice in the Republic of Ireland. While not standardised, there are salient overlapping procedures evident across referral, assessment, and intervention processes and key principles underpin intermediary practice. Although intermediaries work independently, collaboration with other professionals working in the justice system is paramount for intermediary practice.