A nanowire nest structure comprising copper silicide and silicon nanowires for lithium-ion battery anodes with high areal loading

High loading (>1.6 mg cm−2) of Si nanowires (NWs) is achieved by seeding the growth from a dense array of Cu15Si4 NWs using tin seeds. A one-pot synthetic approach involves the direct growth of CuSi NWs on Cu foil that acts as a textured surface for Sn adhesion and Si NW nucleation. The high achievable Si NW loading is enabled by the high surface area of CuSi NWs and bolstered by secondary growth of Si NWs as branches from both Si and CuSi NW stems, forming a dense Si active layer, interconnected with an electrically conducting CuSi array (denoted Si/CuSi). When employed as Li-ion battery anodes, the Si/CuSi nest structure demonstrates impressive rate performance, reaching 4.1 mAh cm−2 at C/20, 3.1 mAh cm−2 at C/5, and 0.8 mAh cm−2 at 6C. Also, Si/CuSi shows remarkable long-term stability, delivering a stable areal capacity of 2.2 mAh cm−2 after 300 cycles. Overall, complete anode fabrication is achieved within a single reaction by employing an inexpensive Sn powder approach