Recent progress in biomedical and biotechnological applications of lignin-based spherical nano- and microstructures: a comprehensive review

Spherical particles based on materials of natural origin have recently gained increased attention because of their unique properties, including shape, structure, and ability to combine with other materials. Lignin has potential to be applied across multiple sectors, with recent focus on its valorization in high end application routes which favor its renewability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. The most promising findings are reported, that spherical lignin particles are a very effective carrier and delivery vehicle for active pharmaceutical ingredients for the treatment of various diseases, including cancers etc. Due to recent developments, lignin can be successfully used for accelerated wound healing and for growth inhibition against a variety of bacterial strains taking advantage of its inherent antimicrobial and anti-oxidant properties. Notably, lignin particles are also finding opportunities in the agrochemical industry, taking advantage of a combination of properties such as high stability, composability, and the possibility of encapsulation of pesticides and fungicides without increased pollution of the environment. The presented review aims to discuss the impact of recent developments related to lignin-based spherical particles on novel biomedical and biotechnological application, which may provide guidance for future possibilities for the valorization of lignin